Welcome to the article “Public Procurement Laws and Construction Contracts in Canada,” proudly presented by Lasting Oak Co
As a reputable source in the field, we aim to provide comprehensive insights into the intricate relationship between public procurement laws and construction contracts within the Canadian context. With our extensive knowledge and expertise, we delve into the legal framework governing public procurement processes and the specific implications for construction projects across Canada. By examining the key regulations, considerations, and best practices, we aim to equip readers with valuable information to navigate this complex landscape effectively. Whether you are a contractor, government official, legal professional, or simply interested in understanding the dynamics of public procurement in Canada’s construction industry, this article is designed to provide you with a solid foundation and practical guidance. Join us as we explore the vital aspects of public procurement laws and their influence on construction contracts in Canada.
What are the key public procurement laws and regulations governing construction contracts in Canada?
The key public procurement laws and regulations governing construction contracts in Canada vary at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. While there are specific regulations in each jurisdiction, the following are some of the prominent laws and regulations applicable across Canada:
Federal Level:
Government Contracts Regulations (GCR)
Federal Accountability Act
Canadian International Trade Tribunal Act (CITT Act)
Integrity Regime for Public Procurement
Provincial and Territorial Level:
Trade Agreements (e.g., New West Partnership Trade Agreement, Agreement on Internal Trade)
Public Sector Procurement Directives and Guidelines (issued by the respective provincial/territorial governments)
Procurement Acts (e.g., Ontario’s Broader Public Sector Accountability Act)
Construction Act (applies to Ontario)
Municipal Level:
Municipal Procurement Policies and Bylaws (vary by municipality)
Requests for Proposals (RFPs) and Tenders issued by municipal entities
It’s important to note that these laws and regulations are subject to change and may differ in each jurisdiction. Stakeholders involved in construction contracts should refer to the specific legislation and guidelines applicable to their region to ensure compliance.
It is advisable to consult legal professionals specializing in construction and procurement law, as well as refer to government websites and resources, to obtain the most up-to-date and accurate information on public procurement laws and regulations in Canada.
How does the public procurement process work in Canada’s construction industry?
The public procurement process in Canada’s construction industry typically involves the following stages:
Planning and Needs Assessment: The government or public entity identifies the need for a construction project and conducts a thorough assessment to determine the requirements, scope, and objectives. This includes defining the project specifications, budget, and timeline.
Solicitation of Bids: The public entity issues a formal solicitation document, such as a Request for Proposal (RFP) or Request for Tender (RFT), outlining the project details and inviting interested contractors to submit their bids. The solicitation document includes information on evaluation criteria, submission requirements, and contract terms.
Bid Evaluation: The submitted bids are evaluated based on predetermined evaluation criteria, which may include factors like price, technical capabilities, past performance, and compliance with specifications. The evaluation process is typically carried out by an evaluation committee or team, ensuring transparency, fairness, and impartiality.
Contract Award: After the evaluation, the public entity selects the successful bidder(s) and awards the contract. The award decision is based on the highest-scoring bid or a combination of factors, depending on the evaluation methodology specified in the solicitation document.
Contract Negotiation: Once the bidder is selected, contract negotiations take place to finalize the terms and conditions. This includes negotiating the contract price, delivery schedule, payment terms, warranties, and other relevant contractual provisions.
Contract Execution and Project Implementation: Upon successful contract negotiation, the contract is executed between the public entity and the contractor. The construction project then proceeds as per the agreed-upon terms and conditions. The contractor carries out the construction work, while the public entity monitors progress and ensures compliance with the contract.
Contract Administration and Closeout: Throughout the construction process, the public entity administers the contract by overseeing the contractor’s performance, managing changes, handling disputes, and ensuring adherence to relevant laws and regulations. Once the construction is completed, a final inspection is conducted, and the contract is closed out, including any necessary documentation, warranty transfers, and final payments.
It is important to note that the specific processes and procedures may vary depending on the jurisdiction, the type and value of the project, and the applicable laws and regulations. Contractors and public entities are advised to refer to the relevant procurement guidelines and seek legal advice to ensure compliance with the specific requirements of their region.
What are the criteria and considerations for bid evaluation and selection in public procurement for construction projects?
The criteria and considerations for bid evaluation and selection in public procurement for construction projects in Canada can vary depending on the specific project, jurisdiction, and procurement guidelines. However, the following are some common criteria and considerations often applied during the bid evaluation and selection process:
Price/Cost: The bid price is a significant factor considered during evaluation. The public entity assesses the proposed price to determine its reasonableness and affordability within the project budget.
Technical Capabilities and Qualifications: The bidder’s technical expertise, experience, and qualifications relevant to the project are evaluated. This may include assessing the contractor’s past performance on similar projects, certifications, licenses, and qualifications of key personnel.
Compliance with Specifications: Bids are evaluated based on their compliance with the specified requirements and technical specifications outlined in the solicitation documents. The bidder’s ability to meet the project’s objectives and deliver the required scope of work is assessed.
Project Schedule and Delivery: The proposed project schedule, including start and completion dates, is evaluated to ensure it aligns with the project’s timeline and requirements. The bidder’s capacity and ability to deliver the project within the specified timeframe are considered.
Financial Stability: The financial stability and capacity of the bidder to undertake the project are evaluated. This may involve assessing the bidder’s financial statements, bonding capacity, and references from financial institutions.
Risk Management: The bidder’s approach to risk identification, mitigation, and management is considered. This includes evaluating the bidder’s proposed strategies for addressing potential risks, such as construction delays, cost overruns, and unforeseen circumstances.
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: Increasingly, public procurement processes consider sustainability and environmental factors. Bids may be evaluated based on their environmental impact, energy efficiency, use of sustainable materials, and adherence to green building practices.
Value for Money: The overall value for money offered by the bid is assessed, taking into account the combination of price, quality, and other relevant factors. The public entity seeks the best balance between cost and quality to achieve optimal value for the project.
It’s important to note that the specific evaluation criteria and their relative weightings can vary between projects and jurisdictions. The evaluation process should be transparent, objective, and consistent, adhering to the applicable procurement guidelines and regulations. Public entities should clearly communicate the evaluation criteria to bidders in advance to ensure a fair and competitive process.
What are the rights and responsibilities of contractors and subcontractors in public procurement contracts in Canada?
Contractors and subcontractors involved in public procurement contracts in Canada have certain rights and responsibilities to fulfill. While the specific rights and responsibilities can vary based on the contract terms and applicable laws, the following are general considerations:
Rights of Contractors:
Right to Fair Competition: Contractors have the right to participate in the public procurement process on an equal and fair basis, with an opportunity to submit bids and compete for contracts.
Right to Contract Award: If a contractor submits a compliant and competitive bid, they have the right to be considered for contract award based on the evaluation criteria specified in the solicitation document.
Right to Contractual Protection: Contractors have the right to expect the enforcement of contractual terms, including payment obligations, performance expectations, and dispute resolution mechanisms outlined in the contract.
Right to Timely Payment: Contractors have the right to receive timely and fair payment for the work performed in accordance with the contract terms and applicable laws. They have the right to seek legal remedies in case of payment disputes.
Right to Information: Contractors have the right to access relevant project information, including project specifications, drawings, and other necessary details to perform the work adequately.
Responsibilities of Contractors:
Compliance with Contractual Obligations: Contractors are responsible for performing the work in accordance with the contract terms, specifications, and quality standards specified in the contract.
Adherence to Laws and Regulations: Contractors must comply with applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards governing construction projects, including health and safety regulations, environmental requirements, and labor laws.
Timely Performance: Contractors have the responsibility to complete the work within the specified timeframe, as agreed upon in the contract, and to meet project milestones and deadlines.
Quality Assurance: Contractors are responsible for delivering work of the specified quality, meeting the required standards, and rectifying any defects or deficiencies in the work.
Subcontractor Management: Contractors may engage subcontractors to perform specific portions of the work. In such cases, contractors have the responsibility to ensure that subcontractors meet the necessary qualifications, perform their work adequately, and comply with contractual obligations.
It is important for contractors and subcontractors to carefully review the contract terms and seek legal advice to fully understand their specific rights and responsibilities in public procurement contracts. Compliance with contractual obligations, adherence to laws and regulations, and open communication with the public entity are key factors in successfully executing public procurement contracts in Canada.
What are the potential challenges and disputes that can arise in public procurement contracts for construction projects in Canada?
In public procurement contracts for construction projects in Canada, various challenges and disputes can arise throughout the process. Some of the potential challenges and disputes include:
Bid Protests: Disputes may arise when a bidder challenges the fairness, transparency, or legality of the procurement process, such as alleging bias, improper evaluation, or irregularities in the bidding process.
Contract Non-Compliance: Disputes can occur if either party fails to comply with the contractual obligations, such as delays in project completion, inadequate performance, or failure to meet specified quality standards.
Changes and Variations: Changes to the scope of work, specifications, or contract terms may lead to disputes regarding the extent of the changes, associated costs, and time extensions.
Payment Disputes: Disputes may arise over issues related to payment, such as delayed or insufficient payments, disagreements over pricing or billing, or disputes regarding progress payments and milestone achievements.
Defective Work and Warranty Claims: If the delivered work is defective, does not meet the required standards, or fails to comply with applicable regulations, disputes may arise regarding responsibility for rectification and warranty claims.
Subcontractor Disputes: Disputes can occur between contractors and subcontractors regarding payment issues, scope of work, delays, non-performance, or disagreements over contractual obligations.
Performance and Default: Disputes may arise if one party alleges that the other party is not performing the work satisfactorily or has defaulted on the contract, leading to termination or claims for damages.
Force Majeure Events: Unforeseen events such as natural disasters, labor strikes, or other force majeure events may lead to disputes over delays, cost impacts, and responsibility for mitigating the effects of such events.
Disagreements on Contract Interpretation: Differences in interpreting contract terms, specifications, or ambiguous clauses can result in disputes over the rights, obligations, and remedies of the parties involved.
Breach of Procurement Regulations: Disputes can arise if one party alleges a breach of public procurement laws or regulations, such as claims of unfair treatment, failure to follow prescribed procedures, or violations of ethical standards.
To address these challenges and disputes, parties may resort to negotiation, alternative dispute resolution methods (such as mediation or arbitration), or, in some cases, litigation. It is essential for parties to carefully review the contract terms, maintain open communication, and seek legal advice to minimize the potential for disputes and effectively resolve them when they arise.
What are the mechanisms for resolving disputes in public procurement contracts in the Canadian construction industry?
The Canadian construction industry offers several mechanisms for resolving disputes that may arise in public procurement contracts. These mechanisms aim to provide fair and efficient resolution processes. Here are some common methods used:
Negotiation: Parties involved in a dispute can engage in direct negotiations to reach a mutually acceptable resolution. This approach allows for open communication and can often lead to a resolution without the need for formal proceedings.
Mediation: Mediation involves the appointment of a neutral third party, the mediator, who assists the parties in reaching a voluntary agreement. The mediator facilitates discussions, clarifies issues, and helps the parties explore potential solutions. Mediation is a non-binding process, but if successful, the parties can formalize the agreed-upon resolution.
Dispute Boards: Dispute boards are independent panels established at the outset of a project to address disputes that may arise during construction. The board members, typically experienced professionals, actively monitor the project, provide recommendations, and assist in resolving disputes. Dispute board decisions can be binding or non-binding, depending on the contract provisions.
Arbitration: Arbitration involves the submission of the dispute to one or more impartial arbitrators who render a binding decision, known as an arbitral award. Arbitration is a private process, typically conducted based on agreed-upon rules and procedures. It offers flexibility in terms of selecting arbitrators and can be faster and more cost-effective than litigation.
Litigation: Litigation is the process of resolving disputes through the court system. If all other methods fail, parties may resort to filing a lawsuit in the appropriate court. Litigation follows formal legal procedures, involves presenting evidence and arguments, and results in a binding judgment issued by a judge or jury.
Expert Determination: In some cases, disputes involving technical or specialized matters can be resolved through expert determination. An independent expert, possessing relevant expertise, is appointed to assess the issue and provide a binding decision based on their professional knowledge.
It is important to note that the specific dispute resolution mechanisms can vary depending on the contract terms, project type, and jurisdiction. Public procurement contracts may also incorporate specific dispute resolution procedures or refer to applicable laws or regulations governing the resolution of disputes.
Parties should carefully review the contract provisions related to dispute resolution, seek legal advice, and consider the most appropriate method based on the nature of the dispute, desired outcomes, and overall project goals.
What are the ethical considerations and anti-corruption measures in public procurement for construction contracts in Canada?
Public procurement for construction contracts in Canada places significant emphasis on ethical considerations and anti-corruption measures to ensure transparency, fairness, and integrity in the procurement process. Here are some key ethical considerations and anti-corruption measures:
Transparency and Accountability: Public entities are committed to promoting transparency and accountability throughout the procurement process. This includes making procurement information, such as bid evaluation criteria, contract award decisions, and contract terms, readily available to interested parties.
Conflict of Interest: Public procurement regulations require contractors, subcontractors, and public officials involved in the procurement process to disclose any actual or potential conflicts of interest. Measures are in place to prevent individuals with conflicts from participating in the procurement process.
Fair Competition and Equal Treatment: Public procurement laws emphasize fair competition and equal treatment of all bidders. The procurement process is designed to provide equal opportunities for qualified contractors, ensuring they are evaluated based on objective criteria and that no bidder receives preferential treatment.
Anti-Corruption Laws and Regulations: Canadian laws, such as the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) and the Criminal Code of Canada, contain provisions to combat corruption in public procurement. These laws prohibit bribery, fraud, collusion, and other corrupt practices.
Integrity Screening and Compliance: Public entities may conduct integrity screening and due diligence on contractors and subcontractors participating in the procurement process. This involves assessing the integrity, reputation, and past conduct of the bidders to ensure their compliance with ethical standards.
Code of Conduct and Ethics: Public entities may have a code of conduct or ethics in place that outlines the expected behavior and ethical standards for contractors, subcontractors, and public officials involved in the procurement process. Adherence to the code is essential to promote ethical conduct and prevent corruption.
Whistleblower Protection: Whistleblower protection measures are in place to encourage individuals to report suspected unethical or corrupt practices without fear of retaliation. Whistleblower provisions provide safeguards for individuals who expose wrongdoing in public procurement.
Compliance Monitoring and Audits: Public entities may conduct compliance monitoring and audits to ensure adherence to ethical standards and detect any irregularities or non-compliance with procurement regulations. These audits help identify and address potential corruption risks.
Training and Awareness Programs: Public entities often provide training and awareness programs to contractors, subcontractors, and public officials involved in public procurement. These programs educate stakeholders about ethical considerations, anti-corruption measures, and the consequences of non-compliance.
It is crucial for all stakeholders involved in public procurement for construction contracts to understand and adhere to these ethical considerations and anti-corruption measures. Compliance with these measures promotes fair competition, enhances trust in the procurement process, and ensures the efficient and effective delivery of construction projects.
How does the Canadian government ensure transparency and accountability in the public procurement process for construction projects?
The Canadian government has implemented various measures to ensure transparency and accountability in the public procurement process for construction projects. These measures aim to promote fairness, integrity, and effective management of public funds. Here are some key ways in which transparency and accountability are upheld:
Legislation and Regulations: The Canadian government has enacted legislation and regulations at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels to govern public procurement processes. These laws outline the rules and procedures that public entities must follow to ensure transparency and accountability.
Open Competition: The government promotes open competition by inviting qualified contractors to participate in the bidding process. This ensures that all interested parties have an equal opportunity to compete for construction contracts.
Competitive Bidding: Public procurement typically involves competitive bidding processes, such as Request for Proposals (RFPs) or Request for Tenders (RFTs). These processes require clear documentation of project requirements, evaluation criteria, and selection procedures, ensuring transparency in the evaluation and selection of contractors.
Publication of Procurement Information: Public entities are required to publish relevant procurement information, such as bid opportunities, solicitation documents, and contract award details. This allows interested parties to access and review the information, promoting transparency in the process.
Fair Evaluation and Selection: The evaluation and selection of bids are conducted based on predetermined criteria and procedures. Evaluation committees or teams assess bids objectively, ensuring that the selection process is fair, consistent, and transparent.
Disclosure of Evaluation Results: Public entities may disclose the evaluation results, including scores and rankings of bidders, to promote transparency in the decision-making process. This allows unsuccessful bidders to understand the reasons for their non-selection and promotes accountability.
Conflict of Interest Guidelines: Conflict of interest guidelines and policies are in place to ensure that individuals involved in the procurement process disclose any actual or potential conflicts and act impartially. This helps prevent favoritism or biased decision-making.
Review and Oversight Mechanisms: Public entities may have review and oversight mechanisms in place to ensure compliance with procurement regulations. This can include internal audits, external reviews, or oversight bodies responsible for monitoring and enforcing compliance.
Supplier Performance Evaluation: Public entities may evaluate the performance of contractors during and after the project to ensure adherence to contractual obligations and quality standards. This evaluation promotes accountability and helps inform future procurement decisions.
Whistleblower Protection: Whistleblower protection measures are in place to encourage individuals to report suspected wrongdoing or irregularities in the procurement process. This helps uncover any potential lack of transparency or unethical practices and supports accountability.
These measures collectively contribute to a transparent and accountable public procurement process for construction projects in Canada. They help build public trust, ensure effective allocation of public funds, and promote fair competition among contractors.
What are the emerging trends and recent developments in public procurement laws and construction contracts in Canada?
Emerging trends and recent developments in public procurement laws and construction contracts in Canada reflect the evolving landscape and changing needs of the industry. Here are some notable trends and developments:
Sustainable Procurement: There is a growing emphasis on incorporating sustainability considerations in public procurement. Government entities are increasingly prioritizing environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices in construction projects, such as green building certifications, energy efficiency, and responsible sourcing of materials.
Indigenous Procurement and Participation: The Canadian government is actively promoting Indigenous procurement and participation in construction projects. Measures are being implemented to increase opportunities for Indigenous businesses and workers, ensuring their meaningful involvement in public procurement processes.
Social Procurement: Social procurement initiatives are gaining momentum, with a focus on achieving broader societal benefits through construction contracts. These initiatives aim to leverage procurement processes to create social value, including job creation, skills development, and supporting local communities.
Modernization of Procurement Processes: Efforts are underway to modernize and streamline public procurement processes. This includes the use of digital platforms, e-procurement systems, and electronic bidding to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accessibility in the procurement process.
Alternative Project Delivery Models: Public entities are exploring alternative project delivery models, such as public-private partnerships (P3s) and design-build contracts, to optimize project outcomes. These models offer potential benefits in terms of cost savings, schedule certainty, and risk allocation.
Enhanced Transparency and Open Data: There is a push for greater transparency in public procurement, with a focus on providing open access to procurement data. The objective is to enable better analysis, monitoring, and accountability in the procurement process.
Construction Payment and Adjudication Reforms: Several provinces in Canada have implemented or are considering reforms related to construction payment and adjudication processes. These reforms aim to address payment delays, improve dispute resolution mechanisms, and ensure prompt and fair payment to contractors and subcontractors.
Ethical and Anti-Corruption Measures: Efforts to strengthen ethical considerations and anti-corruption measures in public procurement continue to evolve. This includes the introduction of stricter regulations, enhanced compliance mechanisms, and measures to prevent fraud, bribery, and collusion.
Increased Focus on Risk Management: Risk management has gained prominence in public procurement and construction contracts. Entities are placing greater emphasis on identifying and mitigating project risks, including those related to construction delays, cost overruns, and performance uncertainties.
International Trade Agreements: Canada’s participation in international trade agreements, such as the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), has implications for public procurement. These agreements influence procurement rules, market access, and supplier participation in cross-border projects.
It is important for stakeholders involved in public procurement and construction contracts to stay informed about these emerging trends and developments, as they may impact project requirements, procurement strategies, and compliance obligations. Regular monitoring of legislative changes, industry publications, and relevant government announcements can help stakeholders adapt to the evolving landscape.
What are the best practices and practical recommendations for stakeholders involved in public procurement for construction projects in Canada?
Stakeholders involved in public procurement for construction projects in Canada can benefit from following best practices and implementing practical recommendations to enhance their success and ensure compliance. Here are some key recommendations:
Familiarize Yourself with Procurement Laws and Regulations: Stay updated on the applicable procurement laws, regulations, and guidelines in your jurisdiction. Understand the specific requirements and processes to ensure compliance throughout the procurement and contract execution stages.
Engage Early and Understand Project Requirements: Engage with the public entity and project stakeholders early in the process. Understand the project requirements, objectives, and scope to align your bid and proposal with the client’s needs effectively.
Build Relationships and Collaborate: Establish and maintain positive relationships with public officials, project owners, and industry peers. Collaboration and open communication foster trust, facilitate knowledge sharing, and enhance the likelihood of successful project outcomes.
Conduct Thorough Due Diligence: Before bidding on a project, conduct thorough due diligence. Assess the project risks, financial viability, technical requirements, and legal considerations to ensure you can meet the project’s demands.
Prepare Competitive and Compliant Bids: Prepare well-structured, competitive, and compliant bids. Ensure that your bid clearly addresses the evaluation criteria and demonstrates your qualifications, experience, and capabilities to meet the project requirements.
Embrace Sustainability Practices: Incorporate sustainability practices into your construction approach. Consider energy efficiency, environmentally friendly materials, waste reduction, and social considerations. Aligning with sustainable practices can enhance your competitiveness and demonstrate your commitment to responsible construction.
Maintain Accurate and Transparent Documentation: Maintain accurate and transparent records throughout the procurement process. Keep track of all correspondence, agreements, and project-related documents to ensure transparency, accountability, and effective project management.
Manage Risks Effectively: Identify and assess project risks and implement appropriate risk management strategies. Proactively address risks such as delays, unforeseen circumstances, or changes in project requirements to mitigate their impact on project delivery.
Foster a Culture of Compliance and Ethics: Promote a culture of compliance, ethics, and integrity within your organization. Establish clear policies, codes of conduct, and training programs to ensure all employees are aware of their obligations and ethical responsibilities.
Continuously Improve and Learn: Regularly evaluate your performance, learn from past experiences, and seek feedback from clients and stakeholders. Implement lessons learned and continuously improve your processes, systems, and practices.
Remember to consult legal professionals specializing in construction and procurement law for guidance specific to your circumstances and jurisdiction. Adhering to these best practices can enhance your chances of success, promote ethical conduct, and contribute to a positive reputation in the public procurement and construction industry.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the article “Public Procurement Laws and Construction Contracts in Canada” serves as a comprehensive resource that explores the intricate relationship between public procurement laws and construction contracts within the Canadian context. Produced by the Research and Development Unit of Lasting Oak Company, the article provides valuable insights for stakeholders involved in the construction industry, including contractors, government officials, and legal professionals.
Throughout the article, key aspects of public procurement laws and construction contracts in Canada have been examined. It highlights the importance of understanding the relevant legislation and regulations governing public procurement at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. The article emphasizes the need for transparency, fairness, and ethical conduct in the procurement process to ensure accountability and integrity.
The research questions posed at the beginning of the article have been addressed, covering topics such as the criteria for bid evaluation and selection, the rights and responsibilities of contractors and subcontractors, potential challenges and disputes, and mechanisms for dispute resolution. Additionally, emerging trends and recent developments in public procurement laws and construction contracts have been discussed, including sustainability considerations, Indigenous procurement, social procurement, and modernization of procurement processes.
The article concludes by offering practical recommendations and best practices for stakeholders involved in public procurement for construction projects. It emphasizes the importance of compliance, early engagement, thorough due diligence, sustainable practices, and effective risk management. It also underscores the significance of fostering a culture of ethics, transparency, and continuous improvement.
As produced by Lasting Oak Company’s Research and Development Unit, this article reflects the company’s commitment to providing valuable and up-to-date information to industry professionals. It serves as a valuable resource to enhance understanding and navigate the complex landscape of public procurement laws and construction contracts in Canada.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as legal advice. Stakeholders are encouraged to consult legal professionals and refer to the specific laws and regulations applicable to their jurisdiction and circumstances.
Study Resources:
Websites:
Public Services and Procurement Canada – https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/index-eng.html
Canadian Construction Association – https://www.cca-acc.com/
Canadian Public Procurement Council – https://cppc-ccmp.ca/
Canadian Bar Association – Construction and Infrastructure Law Section – https://www.cba.org/Sections/Construction-and-Infrastructure-Law
Books:
“Canadian Public Procurement Law: The Goods, Services, Construction and Information Technology Contract Regulations Explained” by Paul Emanuelli
“Construction Law in Canada” by Stephen Bauld
“Canadian Construction Documents Committee (CCDC) – An Overview and Insight” by Donald V. Clark
“Canadian Construction Contracts: Law and Practice” by Kenneth W. Coburn and John D. Owen
Articles:
“Public Procurement and Construction Contracts: A Canadian Perspective” by Christine Tausig Ford and Alain Massicotte
“Legal Issues in Public Procurement of Construction Works in Canada” by Michael A. Swartz and Chris J. K. Hunt
“Best Practices for Construction Procurement: Lessons from Canada” by Natalie Vukovich and Meaghan Barrett
“Public Procurement and Construction Contracts in Canada: Legal and Practical Insights” by Ronald A. Oleynik and Michael G. Wilson
